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帮忙翻译一下

魏武帝曹操刚征伐北方的袁绍时，袁绍统领的兵丁很多，大将于禁愿意率先攻击袁兵。曹操认为于禁很勇敢，就挑选步兵和骑兵共二千人，让于禁率领，把守延津来抵御袁绍，曹操带领军队退还官渡。这时，刘备凭借徐州趁机反叛，曹操就率兵东征刘备去了。袁绍攻打于禁，于禁坚守延津，袁绍不能攻占。于禁又和乐进等合兵，率领步兵骑兵五千人，攻打袁绍的别处的兵营，从延津西南沿黄河到汲县、获嘉两县，焚烧袁绍屯兵的堡垒三十多个，斩首俘虏各达几千人，招降袁绍手下的将领何茂、王摩等二十多人。曹操又让于禁另外带兵驻扎原武，攻打位于杜氏津的袁绍别处兵营，并且攻破。因军功于禁升任裨将军，后跟从曹操回到官渡。曹操和袁绍的兵营相接连，各起土山相对峙。袁绍在土山上箭射曹操兵营中，曹军士兵死伤很多，引起了军中的恐惧。于禁督兵守卫土山，努力作战，土气更加奋起。袁绍被击破后，于禁升迁为偏将军。冀州平定后，降将昌豨又叛乱，曹操派遣于禁征讨。于禁急速迫近昌豨攻击。昌豨和于禁过去有交情，就到于禁兵营投降。各位将军都认为昌豨已经投降，应当送到曹操处。于禁说：“大家不知道曹公日常的军令吗！敌军被包围以后才投降的不能赦免。遵守法纪实行军令，这是事奉上级的规矩。昌豨虽然是我的老朋友，于禁怎么可以失掉规矩呢！”自已当面和昌豨诀别，挥泪斩杀了昌豨。当时，曹操驻军在淳于，听说这件事后感叹说：“昌豨投降不到我的军营却去了于禁军营，结果被杀，这难道不是他的命吗！”于是更加重视于禁。

汉献帝建安二十四年秋天，天下起了暴雨，汉水漫出了河床，平地积水有几丈深，于禁等七支军队都被水淹没。于禁和各位将领登上高岭望着洪水，无法回避，敌方大将关羽乘着大船就近攻打于禁等人，于禁就投降了关羽，只有庞德不屈服而死。曹操听到消息后，哀叹了很长时间，说：“我知道于禁已三十年，没想到面临危险和灾难，反而不如庞德啊！”正好孙权擒住了关羽，俘获了关羽的部众，于禁又处在了吴。魏文帝登基，孙权向曹操称藩臣，就遣送于禁回了魏国。文帝召见了于禁，于禁头发和胡须都白了，面容黄瘦，向文帝哭泣磕头。文帝想派于禁当使者到吴国去，先让其往北到邺都去拜谒曹操的陵墓--高陵。文帝让人预先在陵屋内画关羽战胜、庞德愤怒、于禁降服的情形。于禁见到图画，惭愧愤怒，发病去世。

陈寿评论说：“太祖曹操建下武功，当时的良将，以这五个人为先。其中，于禁最被称为坚毅持重，然而却不能善始善终。

臣司马光说：”于禁率领几万军队，失败后不能够死节，活着投降敌人，然后又回到魏国。文帝罢免他的职务可以，诛杀他也可以，却在陵屋画图来侮辱他，这不是君王应做的。

麻烦各位英语高手帮忙翻译!高分悬赏!(急)

Brief Introducion of Yang GuiFei in English for Foreigners

Yang GuiFei (high-ranked imperial concubine Yang)

The Chinese spelling and pronounciation of high-ranked imperial concubine is “GuiFei”.

Yang GuiFei was born in Si Chuan Province of China in 719 and was dead in 756. When she was dead, she was 38 years old.

The story of high-ranked imperial concubine Yang is as follows:

Before she was be high-ranked imperial concubine of the 7th Emperor of Tang Dynasty “Tang Xuan Zong”, her name was Yang Yu Huan.

The 7th Emperor of Tang Dynasty “Tang Xuan Zong” had one daughter and one son. The daughter and the son were co-twin. When the daughter was holding wedding party in Luo Yang City of He Nan Province, she invited Yang Yu Huan to participate. Yang Yu Huan was loved by her co-twin brother. So, soon Yang Yu Huan was married with him. When the emperor “Tang Xuan Zong” was 56 years old, his empress was dead. So, the emperor looked at the daughter in-law “Yang Yu Huan” as her dead empress because Yang was beautiful like her dead empress. So, the emperor “Tang Xuan Zong” made a robbery of his son's wife and gave a formal position to Yang Yu Huan as high-ranked imperial concubine Yang (Yang GuiFei).

Yang YuHuan was a so jealous high-ranked imperial concubine, but the emperor “Tang Xuan Zong” still loved her and her only so deeply.

The 6th Emperor of Tang Dynasty “Tang Xuan Zong” created the prosperous society during Tang Dynasty and made the world know Chinese as “People of Tang”, but in the late period of his emperor time, he used the wrong ministers to manage the country and made the society full of corruption and also lost the country completely.

Similar to Xi Shi, Yang YuHuan had another beautiful story of “Ashamed Flower” as follows:

When beautiful flowers looked at Yang HuHuan, they were feeling ashamed because Yang YuHuan is so beautiful and charming.

--written by Ms.Zhang Wei of Guangzhou, P.R.China

英文详细资料

Yang Guifei (719—56)

Renowned beauty of the Tang dynasty (618-906)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yang Guifei (Yang Kuei-fey) concubine of the Tang emperor Xuanzong (Hsüan-tsung; 685-762). Renowned beauty of Chinese history. Of humble origins, she is said to have won the favor and passion of the emperor to the extent that he eventually began to neglect state affairs. She adopted An Lu-shan, a general of Turkic origin, as her son and helped him win power at court. A power struggle over control of the central government between An Lu-shan and Yang’s brother led to An’s rebellion in 755. Fleeing the capital before the rebels captured it, angry royal guards, who blamed Yang Guifei and her brother for the rebellion, forced Xuanzong to order their execution. The emperor soon abdicated.Yang Guifei’s story and her tragic end have been a favorite theme for Chinese poets and writers.

Bai Juyi (Pai Chu-i, Bo Juyi, Po Chü-i; 772-846) recounts the tragic love story of Yang Guifei in his long poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" (C: Chang hen ge; J: Chôgonka). He was one of the most famous poets and men of letters of the mid-Tang period. Born in modern Henan, he held several senior official posts during his life-time, although his outspoken criticisms of government policies resulted in his being exiled from Chang'an in 815. A prolific poet with an international reputation, he strove for clarity in his writings and, with his good friend Yuan Zhen, promoted the new yuefu style of poetry. He was a devout Buddhist and many of his poems are very critical of the society of the time. His long poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" was particularly popular among the aristocracy of mid-Heian period Japan as well, which accounts for the numerous references to Bai Juyi and his poems in The Tale of Genji and other works of classical Japanese literature.

--------

Yang Gui Fei is one of the most beautiful ladies of ancient China but she got the most unfortunate compare to those three left.

Yang Gui Fei or Yang Concubine was named Yang Yuhuan, she was a daughter of a nobleman in the little village by her 16 years old, her father sent her into the palace to be a wife of the sixteenth years old 18th prince.

After she got into the palace, her beautiful appearance was well-known after the Emperor Tang Xuanzong heard that he wanted to see this girl so that he went to his son’s palace; once Xuangzong saw Yang Yuhuan he suddenly fell in love with her and accommodated her into his palace. In that time Xuanzong was 56 years old and Yang was 22 years old

Yang Concubine’s character

Yang was not only beautiful but also very clever, learned fast and talented in music and dancing, the sound of music of Yang brought Xuanzong into day-dream.

One day Xuanzong took Yang to see the beautiful white lotus, and said, "The lotus is beautiful without spirit, it cannot be compared with my concubine. My concubine is the best flower in the world."

After several years she became ennobled high-ranked imperial concubine and ranked with the Empress the she was named as Yang Gui Fei.

The smile of Yang Gui Fei was enough to enchant and enrapture the Emperor. Xuanzong loved her more than anything in the world; he even built her a natural warm spring pool which she could take a bath at spring time.

The First Class Concubine’s power

After Yang Yuhuan, a normal ordinary girl from little village became the first class concubine Yang Gui Fei; gradually her family’s member gained the high position in the government the finally Yang’s family gained enormous power in the Tang Court. Yang Guo Zhong who was Yang Gui Fei’s eldest brother became the Prime Minister but he was very corrupt.

At the time people in Tang Dynasty preferred to have a daughter than son because of Yang family who got the glory and wealth form Yang Gui Fei so that people hope their daughter could follow her footsteps to be the favorite concubine of the Emperor.

The End of the Prosperity

After several years that Yang Guo Zhong governed the Tang’s land as a prime minister, people got suffer from his corruption and lived very poor and difficult. An Lu Shan who was the non Han Chinese commander-in-chief and governor of Fan Yang had come to visit Chang An the Capital and found out that the Prime Minister so that he wanted to report to the Emperor but not success by this situation he had made a formidable enemy then Yang Guo Zhong also knew about this and vowed to destroy him.

The Rebellion

Yang Guo Zhong sent troops to ransack An Lu Shan’s house and also killed An Lu Shan’s friend that enraged An Lu Shan so that he wanted to retaliate without no others mission.

An Lu Shan leaded 170,000 troops marched to the Chang An the Capital to make a war against Yang Guo Zhong. An Lu Shan’s troop were unstoppable, they crossed the Yellow River, overran Luo Yang and went straight to Chang An.

The people and also the government of Tang were in panic since the Emperor ordered a mass evacuation then not so long, An Lu Shan occupied the capital and demolished it to the ground.

The Execution

The procession of the Emperor went southwest towards Cheng Du with the thousands of the residents from the capital and after arrived Ma Wei Yi which is about 100 kilometers from the Capital the mass of people stopped and refused to go and protect the Emperor.

People demanded the death of Yang Gui Fei and Yang Guo Zhong since they were the cause of this destruction. Xuanzong had no alternative under such extreme circumstances so that he issued an order the have them executed.

The Prime Minister was carried out for the execution instantly and for Yang Gui Fei was to be executed by hanging from the tree in a nearby hill. At the time Yang Gui Fei cried and begged for life, Xuanzong had powerless to help her but hung his head and buried his face in his dragon robes.

After Yang Gui Fei kicked her bucket and died finally, the crowd were quiet. Yang Gui Fei’s jewelry was scattered all over but nobody picked them up.

The Emperor’s life after the death of his love’s one

The death of Yang Gui Fei brought out the spirit of Xuanzong also, he lost his vitality to continue as Emperor so that he abdicated the throne to his third son, Li Heng who became Emperor Su Zong.

After the rebellion were crushed, Tang Court moved back to Chang An and on the way back to the Capital at the spot where Yang Gui Fei died Xuanzong stopped and he tried to find the place that she was buried but couldn’t.

At the times Xuangzong could not bear to look at the full moon as it reminded him to think of Yang Gui Fei. Xuanzong recited the secret the phrases which nobody knew but him and her.

"Up above the sky we wish we were a pair of birds

On earth we wish we were the two branches of a tree."

At Chang An the capital, the natural warm spring pool was still there and also the flowers and trees but no more Yang Gui Fei. Xuanzong lost his will to live, he lived with grieve only hope he had in that time was to see Yang Gui Fei in his dreams every night. He ordered the soothsayer to search for her spirit but never appear, not even just once…

英文故事

Yang Yuhuan, the most favorable imperial concubine of Tang Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once suffered from distention and fullness of the stomach duct and abdomen, diarrhea, and poor appetite.

So, Tang Xuanzong felt uneasy whether sitting or bedding.

Though all the imperial doctors had treated her and many rare medicinal herbs had been used, the disease condition was not improved but deteriorated.

In late autumn, a Taoist priest passed by and recommended himself that he could treat the imperial concubine. So Tang Xuangzong invited the Taoist priest himself.

After examining the pulse of Yang Yuhuan, the Taoist priest found that the pulse had been deep, replete and slippery, and there had been thick and slimy tongue fur on the tongue, which was the syndrome of retention of food at the middle stomach due to spleen-stomach vacuity and dietary irregularities. But the herbs used by the imperial doctors were enriching and slimy in properties, which acted in a diametrically opposite way.

So, he prescribed ten crataegus and 15 g of malt sugar for her and then swaggered off.

Tang Xuanzong half believed and half doubted him. But the imperial concubine's disease was cured unexpectedly after taking the medicine for half a month.

The crataegus was sweet and sour in taste, and warm in property. It has the actions of dispersing food accumulations, dissipating blood stasis, expelling tapeworm, and decreasing blood-lipid and activating blood. It is indicative for food accumulation of meat-type, dysentery, lumbago, hernia, and intestinal wind, especially for postpartum persistent flow of lochia, infantile feeding accumulation and hyperlipemia.

1回答者： 226688999 - 大学士 十六级 10-20 21:55

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Yang Guifei (719—56)

Renowned beauty of the Tang dynasty (618-906)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yang Guifei (Yang Kuei-fey) concubine of the Tang emperor Xuanzong (Hsüan-tsung; 685-762). Renowned beauty of Chinese history. Of humble origins, she is said to have won the favor and passion of the emperor to the extent that he eventually began to neglect state affairs. She adopted An Lu-shan, a general of Turkic origin, as her son and helped him win power at court. A power struggle over control of the central government between An Lu-shan and Yang’s brother led to An’s rebellion in 755. Fleeing the capital before the rebels captured it, angry royal guards, who blamed Yang Guifei and her brother for the rebellion, forced Xuanzong to order their execution. The emperor soon abdicated.Yang Guifei’s story and her tragic end have been a favorite theme for Chinese poets and writers.

Bai Juyi (Pai Chu-i, Bo Juyi, Po Chü-i; 772-846) recounts the tragic love story of Yang Guifei in his long poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" (C: Chang hen ge; J: Chôgonka). He was one of the most famous poets and men of letters of the mid-Tang period. Born in modern Henan, he held several senior official posts during his life-time, although his outspoken criticisms of government policies resulted in his being exiled from Chang'an in 815. A prolific poet with an international reputation, he strove for clarity in his writings and, with his good friend Yuan Zhen, promoted the new yuefu style of poetry. He was a devout Buddhist and many of his poems are very critical of the society of the time. His long poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" was particularly popular among the aristocracy of mid-Heian period Japan as well, which accounts for the numerous references to Bai Juyi and his poems in The Tale of Genji and other works of classical Japanese literature.

--------

Yang Gui Fei is one of the most beautiful ladies of ancient China but she got the most unfortunate compare to those three left.

Yang Gui Fei or Yang Concubine was named Yang Yuhuan, she was a daughter of a nobleman in the little village by her 16 years old, her father sent her into the palace to be a wife of the sixteenth years old 18th prince.

After she got into the palace, her beautiful appearance was well-known after the Emperor Tang Xuanzong heard that he wanted to see this girl so that he went to his son’s palace; once Xuangzong saw Yang Yuhuan he suddenly fell in love with her and accommodated her into his palace. In that time Xuanzong was 56 years old and Yang was 22 years old

Yang Concubine’s character

Yang was not only beautiful but also very clever, learned fast and talented in music and dancing, the sound of music of Yang brought Xuanzong into day-dream.

One day Xuanzong took Yang to see the beautiful white lotus, and said, "The lotus is beautiful without spirit, it cannot be compared with my concubine. My concubine is the best flower in the world."

After several years she became ennobled high-ranked imperial concubine and ranked with the Empress the she was named as Yang Gui Fei.

The smile of Yang Gui Fei was enough to enchant and enrapture the Emperor. Xuanzong loved her more than anything in the world; he even built her a natural warm spring pool which she could take a bath at spring time.

The First Class Concubine’s power

After Yang Yuhuan, a normal ordinary girl from little village became the first class concubine Yang Gui Fei; gradually her family’s member gained the high position in the government the finally Yang’s family gained enormous power in the Tang Court. Yang Guo Zhong who was Yang Gui Fei’s eldest brother became the Prime Minister but he was very corrupt.

At the time people in Tang Dynasty preferred to have a daughter than son because of Yang family who got the glory and wealth form Yang Gui Fei so that people hope their daughter could follow her footsteps to be the favorite concubine of the Emperor.

The End of the Prosperity

After several years that Yang Guo Zhong governed the Tang’s land as a prime minister, people got suffer from his corruption and lived very poor and difficult. An Lu Shan who was the non Han Chinese commander-in-chief and governor of Fan Yang had come to visit Chang An the Capital and found out that the Prime Minister so that he wanted to report to the Emperor but not success by this situation he had made a formidable enemy then Yang Guo Zhong also knew about this and vowed to destroy him.

The Rebellion

Yang Guo Zhong sent troops to ransack An Lu Shan’s house and also killed An Lu Shan’s friend that enraged An Lu Shan so that he wanted to retaliate without no others mission.

An Lu Shan leaded 170,000 troops marched to the Chang An the Capital to make a war against Yang Guo Zhong. An Lu Shan’s troop were unstoppable, they crossed the Yellow River, overran Luo Yang and went straight to Chang An.

The people and also the government of Tang were in panic since the Emperor ordered a mass evacuation then not so long, An Lu Shan occupied the capital and demolished it to the ground.

The Execution

The procession of the Emperor went southwest towards Cheng Du with the thousands of the residents from the capital and after arrived Ma Wei Yi which is about 100 kilometers from the Capital the mass of people stopped and refused to go and protect the Emperor.

People demanded the death of Yang Gui Fei and Yang Guo Zhong since they were the cause of this destruction. Xuanzong had no alternative under such extreme circumstances so that he issued an order the have them executed.

The Prime Minister was carried out for the execution instantly and for Yang Gui Fei was to be executed by hanging from the tree in a nearby hill. At the time Yang Gui Fei cried and begged for life, Xuanzong had powerless to help her but hung his head and buried his face in his dragon robes.

After Yang Gui Fei kicked her bucket and died finally, the crowd were quiet. Yang Gui Fei’s jewelry was scattered all over but nobody picked them up.

The Emperor’s life after the death of his love’s one

The death of Yang Gui Fei brought out the spirit of Xuanzong also, he lost his vitality to continue as Emperor so that he abdicated the throne to his third son, Li Heng who became Emperor Su Zong.

After the rebellion were crushed, Tang Court moved back to Chang An and on the way back to the Capital at the spot where Yang Gui Fei died Xuanzong stopped and he tried to find the place that she was buried but couldn’t.

At the times Xuangzong could not bear to look at the full moon as it reminded him to think of Yang Gui Fei. Xuanzong recited the secret the phrases which nobody knew but him and her.

"Up above the sky we wish we were a pair of birds

On earth we wish we were the two branches of a tree."

At Chang An the capital, the natural warm spring pool was still there and also the flowers and trees but no more Yang Gui Fei. Xuanzong lost his will to live, he lived with grieve only hope he had in that time was to see Yang Gui Fei in his dreams every night. He ordered the soothsayer to search for her spirit but never appear, not even just once…

jordan为什么出足球

足球和Jordan也有合作？C·罗和梅西这些足球巨星都是“鞋头”！



潮流球鞋FZ

2018-10-02 17:52

关注

早些时段，Jordan Brand和法国足球俱乐部巴黎圣日耳曼来了一次联名，推出了一系列的服饰，当中最受关注的是一双Air Jordan 5。讲到这里，Jordan Brand和足球的合作，就好像在火车上遇到空姐一样，似乎八竿子都打不到一块。



Jordan Brand向来都是篮球的代表，这一次是他们首次选择与足球俱乐部合作，也引起不少的骚动，包括当时在中国区玩起了一波午夜突袭发售。而不少明星都上身了这次联名的产品。



Travis Scott上身联名球衣



Justin Timberlake着用外套

虽说巴黎圣日耳曼的装备赞助商是Nike，但这次“部门”的调动确实让人惊喜，是否预示着Jordan Brand正式开始向篮球以外的领域迈步？我们真的非常想知道。



并不只是噱头，这次的合作真的有亮相于欧冠赛场



#为什么Jordan Brand会选择与足球俱乐部合作



Jordan Brand长期享受着篮球界的“最高待遇”，每一次的新品或者复刻都会引来关注。而甚至，Jordan Brand在街头文化中都是非常重要的组成部分。但是，始终仅仅做篮球领域的产品也很难将影响力继续扩大，目前，Jordan Brand的鞋款在二级市场上的炒价不再亮眼便是证明。所以，Jordan Brand除了有和不同的潮流单位进行联名以为，也慢慢开始将产品的“触角”延伸至别的领域。而足球无疑就是最好的选择，既能获得更高的曝光量，又能带来合作的话题性。



那为什么这次选择的对象是巴黎圣日耳曼呢？其实，Jordan Brand也并不是第一次和足球“扯上关系”。早在两年前，Jordan Brand就和著名足球运动员内马尔合作带来了一双Air Jordan 5 Low的鞋款，引起了不错的反响，加上目前内马尔正为巴黎圣日耳曼队效力，所以，用大巴黎作为首个合作对象，似乎也是顺理成章的事情。



Air Jordan 5 Low “Neymar”

Jordan Brand开始涉猎足球领域，这种看似毫无关联的两个事物放在一起，往往可能会制造出更多别样的火花，好比Hip-Hop遇上摇滚，总会令人期待。而选择巴黎圣日耳曼确实非常明智，毕竟哪里的镁光灯会比欧冠赛场更多呢？



#这些足球运动员也穿球鞋



在球鞋界里，无疑有篮球鞋属性的鞋子所占的比重非常高。但是，这无法阻挡一些足球巨星成为一名Sneakerhead，不少足球运动员在私底下非常热爱穿球鞋，他们的球鞋一点也不比那些久负盛名的“鞋王”差。



内马尔·达席尔瓦



内马尔可以说是足球界里的第一“鞋头”，和Jordan Brand合作，上Sneaker Shopping节目，绝对是顶级鞋头。而他脚上的球鞋，更是令人垂涎欲滴。





多次上脚Supreme x Nike的联名鞋款，内马尔私底下也是一个Supreme爱好者



The Ten又怎么能错过，上脚一波OFF-WHITE x Nike VaporMax



ACRONYM x Nike Air Presto也要示范一下！



和迈克尔·乔丹谈笑风生的人，数量可不多哦！



C·罗纳尔多



上过球鞋节目的足球明星可不止内马尔一个，还有大名鼎鼎的C罗。C罗在平时的生活里，也颇爱穿球鞋，尤其钟爱Air Force 1，而Nike也为他推出了专属的Air Force 1，可见C罗对球鞋的爱也是不低。



专属的Air Force 1当然要多穿



纯白也绝对不能“放过”



OFF-WHITE x Nike Air Force 1也出现在了C罗脚下



穿上AJ3去训练？



设计灵感就来源于C罗御用战靴“刺客”的“吕布”，自然也受到青睐



里奥·梅西



梅西作为当下与C罗分庭抗礼的球王，是adidas阵营的一员，所以平常时间里你可以见到的，就是梅西各种上脚Yeezy系列的球鞋，特别是Yeezy 350V2 。



adidas Yeezy 350V2



纯白的Yeezy 350V2（队友阿苏的斑马好像更加抢镜）



黑色Yeezy 350V2



卡里姆·本泽马



法国前锋本泽马也是一名不折不扣的鞋头，虽然他也签约了adidas，但是他脚上的球鞋比梅西来的更加精彩，而且他平时还是一位潮人。





亮眼的Pharrell x adidas Hu NMD非常适合本泽马







作为adidas的签约球星，各式Yeezy肯定是“定番”上脚（最后的外套更是抢眼）





Vans Old-Skool亦是本泽马平时搭配的选择，而他身上的Supreme，OFF-WHITE衣物也是街头逸品



基利安·姆巴佩



同样来自法国，今年在世界杯大放异彩的姆巴佩在平时生活中亦是一名不折不扣的Sneakerhead，加上他现在与内马尔做队友，相信他们两位日常“斗鞋”是少不了的。



冷门却珍贵的Skepta x Nike Air Max 97/BW，会穿！



自拍晒出自动绑带的HyperAdapt 1.0



不上脚The Ten不好意思说自己是Sneakerhead系列



白色的OFF-WHITE x Air Jordan 1太亮眼了



姆巴佩更是第一位穿上OFF-WHITE x Nike Mercurial Vapor 360联名足球鞋上场比赛的球员





平时，足球元素在球鞋界里似乎还不够多，很可能第一时间想到的都是“吕布”Nike Free Mercurial Superfly。而这次Jordan Brand首次与足球俱乐部进行合作，确实将足球元素的可塑性带给了大家看到，也证明了Jordan Brand其实除了篮球，也能做其他方面的事情。我们作为球鞋爱好者，也希望见到更多不同的球鞋跨界合作，给到更多惊喜我们！

翻译一下文章

三国演义》中的人物性格与《三国志》中的人物真实性格也是有很大差距的。现举几个人物说明。

诸葛亮：诸葛亮治国治军的才能，济世爱民、谦虚谨慎的品格为后世各种杰出的历史人物树立了榜样。历代君臣、知识分子、人民群众都从不同的角度称赞他，歌颂他，热爱他。可以说，诸葛亮在历史上的巨大影响已超过了他在三国历史上的政治军事实践。《三国演义》虽然突出了诸葛亮一生性格、品德、功业等的积极方面，但又把它无限夸大，把他描写成智慧的化身、忠贞的代表，并将其神化成了半人半神的超人形象。鲁迅评论说：“状诸葛亮之智而近于妖。”因此，《三国演义》中的诸葛亮不是真实的历史人物，而是历史小说人物。

刘备：陈寿对刘备的评价是：“弘毅宽厚，知人待士，盖有高祖之风，英雄之器焉。及其举国托孤于诸葛亮，而心神无二，诚君臣之至公，古今之盛轨也。机权干略，不逮魏武，是以基宇亦狭。”但他“折而不挠，终不为下”。在《三国演义》中，作者把刘备描写成“仁”的代表，汉室皇权正统的继承者，因而对刘备的仁爱、宽厚和知人善任的性格特征着力描画，极尽夸张，但在突出其“仁爱”时却又落入了“无能”一面，给人以“无能”和“虚伪”的感觉。电视剧中的刘备常常以泪洗面，哭与泪虽然表现了刘备的“仁”，但又给人以刘备的天下是哭出来的印象，扭曲了刘备是“枭雄”、“人杰”的真实形象。

关羽：历史上的关羽为“万人之敌”一虎将，傲上而不悔下，恩怨分明，以信义著称，但“刚而自矜”，勇猛有余，智略不足。马超投降刘备后，封为平西将军。时关羽督荆州，修书与诸葛亮，“问超人才可谁比类”，诸葛亮答信时，称马超虽为一世之杰，但不如关羽的“绝伦逸群”，关羽“省书大悦，以示宾客”。这是典型的有勇少谋的武将性格。但在《三国演义》中，因为他是刘备阵营中的人，又有讲信义的特点，所以，就被塑造成“义”的化身。他跟随刘备，不避艰险。下邳被俘，投降曹操，但心系刘备，只是有感于曹操待他甚厚，因而在离曹归刘前为曹操杀了袁绍的大将颜良，解白马之围。但是《三国演义》中写关羽下邳投降时相约三事、曹操以三日一小宴、五日一大宴的厚礼待他等却是子虚乌有。总之，在《三国演义》中，作者是不惜笔墨，把关羽刻画成“义重如山之人”，因而其形象也被严重的扭曲了。

曹操：历史上的曹操性格非常复杂，陈寿认为曹操在三国历史上“明略最优”，“揽申、商之法术，该韩、白之奇策，官方授材，各因其器，矫情任算，不念旧恶”。曹操御军三十余年，但手不释卷，登高必赋，长于诗文、草书、围棋。生活节俭，不好华服。与人议论，谈笑风生。“勋劳宜赏，不吝千金；无功望施，分毫不与”。他是中国历史上第一流的政治家、军事家、文学家。但是，在《三国演义》中，曹操性格品德中这些好的方面被忽略了，而对他残忍、奸诈的一面又夸大了。因此，罗贯中笔下的曹操是奸诈、残忍、任性、多疑的反面人物典型。

周瑜：历史上的周瑜“性度恢廓”，谦让服人，有“雅量高致”。刘备称他“文武筹略，万人之英”。孙权则赞他有“王佐之资”。但在《三国演义》中，周瑜成了诸葛亮的垫底人物。写周瑜，是为了抬高诸葛亮。因此，《三国演义》中的周瑜气量狭小，智谋也总是逊诸葛亮一筹，根本不像苏轼所歌颂的周瑜“雄姿英发”，是“千古风流人物”。

鲁肃：如果说在《三国演义》中，曹操、刘备、诸葛亮、关羽等人的性格、形象虽被扭曲，但多少还有些根据的话，那么，鲁肃这个人在《三国演义》中除了名字外几乎就全是杜撰了。历史上的鲁肃“虽在军阵，手不释卷”，“思度宏远”，“有过人之明”。他初见孙权，就提出了建国方针：鼎足江东，北拒曹操，待机剿除黄祖，进发刘表，竟长江而有之，然后建号称帝以图天下。这与诸葛亮的《隆中对》有相似之处。曹操大军南征荆州时，孙权部属都主降，唯独鲁肃主张抗曹，劝孙权召回周瑜，共商战守大计。赤壁战后，他又力主扶刘抗曹。在东吴历史上，鲁肃实为诸葛亮式人物，孙权对他也极为欣赏。吴国的建立和发展基本上是按照鲁肃提出的政略、战略方针进行的。但在《三国演义》中，鲁肃成了诸葛亮与周瑜两人智斗的牺牲品，被愚弄、受欺侮的典型。

歇后语

·曹操下江南--来得凶，败得惨 ·张飞扔鸡毛--有劲难使 ·诸葛亮征孟获--收收放放

·曹操吃鸡肋--食之无味，弃之可惜 ·张飞使计谋--粗中有细 ·诸葛亮弹琴--计上心来

·曹操遇蒋干--倒了大霉 ·张飞贩私盐--谁敢检查 ·诸葛亮的鹅毛扇--神妙莫测

·曹操作事--干干净净 ·张飞卖秤锤--人强货硬 ·诸葛亮三气周瑜--略施小技

·曹操杀华佗--讳疾忌医 ·张飞卖肉--光说不割 ·诸葛亮借箭--有借无还

·曹操用计--又奸又滑 ·张飞战关公--忘了旧情 ·诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡--顾全大局

·曹操战宛城--大败而逃 ·张飞吃豆芽--一盘小莱 ·诸葛亮要丑妻--为事业着想

·曹操杀吕伯奢--将错就错 ·张飞妈妈姓吴--无事(吴氏)生非 ·诸葛亮招亲--才重于貌

·曹操败走华客道--不出所料 ·张飞抓耪子--大眼瞪小眼 ·诸葛亮用兵--神出鬼没

·曹操败走华容道--走对了路子 ·张飞绣花--粗中有细 ·诸葛亮的锦羹--神机妙算

·曹操诸葛亮--脾气不一样

（比喻人不同，性格也不相同） ·张飞穿针--粗中有细 ·诸葛亮隆中对策--有先见之明

·张飞穿针--大眼瞪小眼 ·草船借箭--多多益善

·阿斗当皇帝--软弱无能 ·关公开凤眼--要杀人 ·草船借箭--坐享其成

·董卓戏貂蝉--死在花下 ·关羽卖肉--没人敢来 ·草船借箭--满载而归

·貂蝉唱歌--有声有色 ·关云长卖豆腐--人硬货不硬 ·诸葛亮草船借箭--用的是疑兵计

·对着张飞骂刘备--找气惹 ·关帝庙求子--踏错了门 ·诸葛亮草船借箭--有把握

·蒋干盗书--上了大当 ·关公射黄忠--手下留情 ·诸葛亮吊孝--装模作样

·鲁肃宴请关云长--暗藏杀机 ·关公照镜子--自觉脸红 ·诸葛亮吊孝--不是真心

·吕布见貂蝉--迷上了 ·关公喝酒--不怕脸红 ·诸葛亮用空城计--不得已

·东吴招亲--弄假成真 ·关云长走麦城--大难临头 ·诸葛亮唱空城计--没办法

·司马懿破八卦阵--不懂装懂 ·关帝庙夫人--慌了神 ·诸葛亮当军师--名副其实

·周瑜讨荆州--费力不讨好 ·关帝庙里拜观音--找错了门 ·诸葛亮当军师--办法多

·鲁肃讨荆州--空手而去，空手而回 ·关帝庙里挂观音像--名不符实 ·三个臭皮匠--顶个诸葛亮

（比喻人多智慧多，有事情大

家商量，能想出好办法来）

·吃曹操的饭，想刘备的事

--人在心不在 ·关胜战李遣--大刀阔斧

·关云长刮骨疗毒--全无痛苦之色

·董卓进京--来者不善 ·关云长刮骨疗毒--若无其事 ·刘备三上卧龙岗--就请你这个

诸葛亮（比喻请的就是你）

·董卓进京--不怀好意 ·关云长刮骨下棋--若无其事

·周瑜打黄盖--一个愿打,一个愿挨 ·关公进曹营--单刀直入 ·刘备的江山--哭出来的

（比喻来之不易）

·周喻打黄盖--装样子 ·关公赴会--单刀直入

（比喻直截了当，不绕弯子）

·周瑜打黄盖--两相情愿

三国成语

一手包办

【出处】三国志魏志典韦传：「韦一手建之」

一举两得

【出处】三国志魏志臧洪传：「将以安社稷，一举两得。」

一臂之力

【出处】三国演义第二十回：「愿助兄一臂之力，共诛国贼。」

一亲芳泽

【出处】曹植洛神赋：「芳泽无加，铅华无御。」

七步成诗

【出处】世说新语文学：「文帝尝令东阿王七步中作诗，不成者行大法。应声便为诗：『煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣，本是同根生，相煎何太急。』帝深有惭色。

三顾茅庐

【出处】诸葛亮前出师表：「先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中。」

下笔成章

【出处】三国志魏志文帝纪：「文帝天资文藻，下笔成章。」

不出所料

【出处】三国演义第三十一回：「丰在遇中闻主公兵败，抚掌大笑曰：『固不出吾之所料。』」

不由分说

【出处】三国演义第十三回：「李傕随后掩杀，郭汜兵退，车驾冒险出城，不由分说，竟拥到李傕营中。」

不知所云

【出处】诸葛亮前出师表：「临表涕泣，不知所云。」

不容偏废

【出处】三国志蜀志魏延传：「不忍有所偏废。」

乘虚而入

【出处】魏志袁绍传：「将军简其精锐，分为奇兵，乘虚迭出，以扰河南。」

五内如焚

【出处】蔡琰悲愤诗：「奈何不顾思，见此崩五内。」

人生如寄

【出处】魏文帝善哉行：「人生如寄，多忧何为？」曹植仙人篇：「俯观五岳间，人生如寄居。」

仰人鼻息

【出处】后汉书袁绍传：「孤客穷军，仰我鼻息，譬如婴儿在鼓掌之上，绝其哺乳，立可饿杀。」

伯仲之间

【出处】曹丕典论：「傅说之于班固，伯仲之间耳。」

位极人臣

【出处】吴志孙綝传：「因缘肺腑，位极人臣。」

作奸犯科

【出处】诸葛亮前出师表：「若有作奸犯科，及为忠善者，宜付有司，论其刑赏。」

偃旗息鼓

【出处】三国志蜀志赵云传注：「偃旗息鼓，曹军疑有伏兵，引去。

出言不逊

【出处】三国演义第二十三回：「此人出言不逊，何不杀之。」

分久必合，合久必分

【出处】三国演义第一回：「话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。」

初出茅庐

【出处】据三国演义所载，诸葛亮初出茅庐，佐刘备用兵，观与张飞不服，行事诸多困难。

刮目相待

【出处】三国志吴志吕蒙传注引江表传：「肃附蒙背曰：『吾谓大弟但非有武略耳，至于今者，学识英博，非复吴下阿蒙。』蒙曰：『士别三日，即更刮目相待。』」

危在旦夕

【出处】三国演义第二回：「天下危在旦夕，陛下尚自与阉宦共饮耶？」

危急存亡之秋

【出处】诸葛亮前出师表：「今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。」

司马昭之心，路人皆知

【出处】司马昭在曹髦在位时，为大将军，专管国政，自封为相国，不久封为晋公，昭还假装不接受。髦很生气地说：「司马昭之心，路人皆知。」

名不虚传

【出处】三国演义第四十五回：「兵精粮足，名不虚传。」

同符合契

【出处】三国志吴志孙传注：「一与君同符合契，有永固之分。」

吴下阿蒙

【出处】三国志吴志吕蒙传注引江表传：「肃附蒙背曰：『吾谓大弟但非有武略耳，至于今者，学识英博，非复吴下阿蒙。』蒙曰：『士别三日，即更刮目相待。』」

敝帚千金

【出处】曹丕?典论论文：「里语曰：『家有敝帚，享之千金。』斯不见自见之患也。」

廊庙之器

【出处】三国志蜀志许靖传：「虽行事举动，未悉允当，蒋济以为大较有廊庙之器也。」

才高八斗

【出处】南史谢灵运传：「天下才共一石，曹子建独得八斗，我得一斗，自古及今共享一斗。」

手不释卷

【出处】曹丕自叙：「上雅好诗书文籍，虽在军旅，手不释卷。」

指日可待

【出处】诸葛亮出师表：「汉室之隆，可计日而待也。」

探囊取物

【出处】三国演义第四十三回：「我向曾文云长言，翼德于百万军中，取上将之首，如探囊取物。」

文思泉涌

【出处】文选曹植王仲宣诔：「文若春华，思若涌泉。」

旦夕之危

【出处】三国志蜀志孟光传：「旦夕之危，倒悬之急。」

明眸善睐

【出处】文选曹植洛神赋：「明眸善睐，靥辅承权。」

月明星稀

【出处】文选魏武帝短歌行：「月明星稀，乌鹊南飞，绕树三匝，何枝可依？」

土崩鱼烂

【出处】陈琳?与魏文帝书：「焉肯土崩鱼烂哉！」

如入无人之境

【出处】三国演义第七回：「左冲右突，如入无人之境。」

如鱼得水

【出处】三国志诸葛亮传：「先主与亮情好日密，关羽张飞等不悦。先主曰：『孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也。』」

妄自菲薄

【出处】诸葛亮?出师表：「不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失意，以塞忠谏之路也。」

孑然一生

【出处】三国志吴志陆瑁传：「孑然无所凭赖。」

对酒当歌

【出处】曹操?短歌行：「对酒当歌，人生几何？」

屈指可数

【出处】三国志魏志张合传：「屈指计亮粮，不至十日。」

周郎顾曲

【出处】三国志吴志周瑜传：「瑜少精意于音乐，虽三爵之后，其有阙误，瑜必知之，知之必顾。顾时人谣曰：『曲有误，周郎顾。』」

呼风唤雨

【出处】三国演义第一回：「角得此书，晓夜攻习，能呼风唤雨。」

品头论足

【出处】三国志魏志何晏传注：「晏方用事，自以为一时才俊，常为名士品目。」

回肠荡气

【出处】魏文帝大墙上蒿行：「感心动耳，荡气回肠。」

品评历史演义，感受三国风云——《三国演义》读后感

“滚滚长江东逝水，浪花淘尽英雄……”提起这首词，人们都会想到四大名著之一的《三国演义》。

《三国演义》，全名是《三国志通俗演义》，是明代文学家罗贯中编著而成的。由题目可知，这部小说是依据《三国志》写的，但是不向正史那样庄重，而是古代的白话文小说。与《三国志》相比，《三国演义》变得艺术性更强了。下面，我就从几个方面来点评一下这部66万字的名著。

一、真实与虚构

演义与正史的最大区别就是，演义不是全部真实的，演义是小说。人人都说《三国演义》是七分史实，三分虚构，的确是这样。但是虚构，使用艺术的手法进行虚构，而不是随便那段史实就可以拿来虚构的。比如，关公温酒斩华雄，史书上并没有写这件事。又如，关于单刀赴会见鲁肃，史书上写的是鲁肃单刀赴会见关羽。类似的例子当然是数不胜数。读过之后，稍做分析，可知这些虚构的情节，大部分是为小说描述的一个个人物作铺垫的。因为，如果仅仅是象正史中所说的塑造真实的人物，有些人物就和作者的政治思想观相违背了。而且，作者在虚构的同时，还注意到了情节的合理性、连贯性，而不是生硬的去虚构，这也就是为什么读过之后，会有身临其境的感觉。总之，作者在这方面的写作是相当成功的，而且这些情节也表现了作者的一部分主观愿望。

二、神化与丑化

《三国演义》中的人物，并不完全是真实人物，而是正史经过加工后的人物，这其中就有被神化的人物和被丑化的人物。

被神化的人物的典型代表就是诸葛亮和关羽了。诸葛亮被神化的地方是“未卜先知”，关羽被神化的地方则是“忠”“义”。下面，我想简单比较一下作者为什么着重的神化这两个人。

南宋著名的理学家朱熹，认为三国之中蜀汉是正统。而朱熹以前的观点，从陈寿开始大部分都是以曹魏为正统。自朱熹之后，君王、大臣、百姓也开始接受朱熹的观点，原因就是这种观点是符合儒家思想，并能被统治阶级所接受的。罗贯中也是同意朱熹的观点的。所以他神化的人物大多是忠于“汉室”的。这其中，作者又把诸葛亮写成了“智”的化身，把关羽写成了“忠”“义”的化身。这也就是为什么受《三国演义》的影响，道光年间的统治者曾给关羽长达三十余字的谥号了。

至于丑化，基本是对神化而言的。比如周瑜，历史上是英雄早逝，《三国演义》却把他描述成了一个忌贤妒能的人。丑化大部分都是为神化作映衬的。

三、人物与线索

《三国演义》的一大成功便是成功地塑造了许多个性鲜明的人物，比如：足智多谋的诸葛亮、义胆忠肝的关羽、粗中有细的张飞、忠厚老实的刘备、勇谋兼备的赵云、狡诈多疑的曹操、忌贤妒能的周瑜、恃才狂傲的祢衡等等。而作者正是用对细节的刻画，来体现人物鲜明的特点。如，写张飞，第七十回中，作者对张飞使了一个小心眼智败张郃的战例进行了细致入微的刻画与描写，与此同时又加入了一段诸葛亮与刘备的对话，更显出了诸葛亮的智谋高超。

《三国演义》能够把繁多的人物以及之间错综复杂的关系处理的恰到好处，就是因为作者在用笔上不仅有实写、虚写、详写、略写、插叙、倒叙，还有作者采用了沿线索来记叙的文学手法。《三国演义》的主线索就是蜀汉政权的建立以及灭亡直至三分归晋的过程，其中有穿插有支线索。如，赤壁之战时期，作者是从刘备、孙权、曹操三条线索来展开叙述的。而这三条线索有互有联系，不会在一个章节之中只叙述一条或两条线索，这样交织进行，就会让读者感到很连贯，而不是只读一条线索的冗长与乏味。

四、封建与王道

《三国演义》中表现的一个政治思想观就是倡导典型的儒家思想——王道与仁政。《三国演义》中的一大部分虚构故事情节都是为了表现这种思想。正是如此，作者才大胆的在作品中塑造了一系列“忠”“义”的艺术形象。

首先是诸葛亮。《三国演义》中描写的诸葛亮，是“忠贞”和“智慧”的化身，特别是作者对诸葛亮的“智慧”，更是用尽笔力，大肆渲染。

诸葛亮在当时的地主阶级统治集团中，是一个看问题比较敏锐、处事比较有胆识谋略、能随机应变的人。然而，他之所以具有这些优势，就是因为它重视实践。如，在曹操攻占荆州，领兵南下时，诸葛亮曾向孙权分析当时形势，预计到曹操必败，正是因为诸葛亮在战争之前就已经对敌我双方的优势和弱点作了比较的缘故。又如，诸葛亮敢于使“空城计”，就是因为他对敌我将领的情况作了分析，料知司马懿了解自己“生平谨慎，必不弄险”，从而利用司马懿对自己长期形成的认识，采用了十分“弄险”的疑兵之计，解除了危机。然而，在更多的章节中，作者却把诸葛亮写成了“先知先觉”的人物。如，诸葛亮的几次“夜观天相”，几次“锦囊妙计”。而在“七星坛祭风”，更是荒诞不经的描写。类似的问题，还可以在“巧布八阵图”“班师祭泸水”“五丈原禳星”“定军山显圣”中看到。

关羽也是《三国演义》中着力描写的人物。在作者的笔下，关羽也从《三国志》中的一名与赵云、黄忠地位相同的武将，变成了《三国演义》中勇猛忠义的大英雄。《三国演义》如此美化关羽，完全是为了提倡封建的“忠”“义”思想。《三国演义》后，关羽就成为完全符合封建统治阶级理想的人物，关羽在民间的影响也就越来越广。明、清的统治者曾经几次封其为“大帝”，到处为其立庙。这就清楚的说明，通过关羽鼓吹“忠”“义”的这种描写，是多么适合封建统治者的需要。

此外，也是为了提倡为封建主子卖命，《三国演义》还塑造了一系列所谓“忠臣”形象，如董承、王子服、吉平等等，他们为了尽忠汉献帝诛除“国贼”曹操，“虽灭九族，亦无后悔”。作者把这些人吹捧为流芳千古的模范人物。此外，写姜维等人物时，鼓吹了封建的“孝道”，写孙夫人等人物时，鼓吹了封建的“节烈”。由此可知，《三国演义》所塑造的人物形象是贯穿了作者的社会政治观点的。

五、诗词与歌赋

《三国演义》的另一大成功便是引入了大量的诗词歌赋，虽然数量比《红楼梦》中要少，但是其中不乏精品之作。一部分诗词是为了表达情感而引入的，另一部分则是出现在人物的吟唱中或笔下。如，“苍天如圆盖，陆地似棋局……”（第三十七回），此乃文中诸葛亮所作。又如，“曹操奸雄不可当，一时诡计中周郎……”（第四十五回），此乃后人叹曹操中计误杀蔡瑁、张允之事。篇头词“临江仙”，气势磅礴，让读者感到一股浩然之气；读过之后，更有一种意犹未尽、引人入胜的感觉。篇尾诗“古风”，则把三国一个世纪的兴衰成败、长达66万字的文字概括成仅300余字的长篇叙事诗。虽然没有华丽的词藻，但是它却像一片押韵的后记一般，带领读者重温三国风云。其最后几句，更是引发了作者对历史的思考与认识：“纷纷世事无穷尽，天数茫茫不可逃。鼎足三分已成梦，后人凭吊空牢骚。”留给读者无限的遐想。

总而言之，《三国演义》可以说是四大名著中仅次于《红楼梦》的精品小说。虽然其中有些思想值得我们去探讨，但是它留给中华民族的意义是深远的。

关羽字云长，本字长生，河东解人也。《三国志?蜀书?关张赵马黄传》

赵云字子龙，常山真定人也。《三国志?蜀书?关张赵马黄传》

据现通行本《三国演义》第五十三回载：……瓒（公孙瓒）翻身落于坡下。文丑急捻枪来刺。忽见草坡左侧转出一个少年将军，飞身挺茅，直取文丑……与文丑大战五六十合，胜负未分……瓒忙下土坡，问那少年姓名。那少年欠身答曰：“某乃常山真定人也，姓赵，名云，字子龙……

据现通行本《三国演义》第五十三回载：……文丑沿河岸赶来，忽见十余骑马，旗号翩翩，一将当头提刀飞马儿来，乃关云长也，大喝：“贼将休走！”与文丑交马，战不三合，文丑心怯，拨马绕河而走。关公马快，赶上文丑，脑后一刀，将文丑斩下马来……

关羽和赵云同样与文丑交锋，差距竟如此之大，可见赵云的武力不如关羽也。

下回将讲解“关羽 对 黄忠”、“张飞 对 马超”

二、关羽 对 黄忠

黄忠的武力高于关羽。

1、比武力

据现通行本《三国演义》第五十三回载：……云长见一老将出马，知是黄忠，把五百校刀手一字排开，横刀立马而问曰：“来将莫非黄忠否？”忠曰：“既知我名，焉敢犯我境！”云长曰：“特来取汝首级！”言罢，两马交锋。斗一百余合，不分胜负……云长也退军，离城十里下寨，心中暗忖：“老将黄忠，名不虚传，斗一百合，全无破绽。来日必用拖刀计，背砍赢之。”

据现通行本《三国演义》第五十三回载：……孔明曰：“……今长沙太守韩玄，固不足道。只他有一员大将，乃南阳人，姓黄，名忠，字汉升……虽今年近六旬，却有万夫不当之勇，不可轻敌……”云长曰：“……量一老卒，何足道哉……”

从以上两点可以看出：此时，关羽和黄忠的武力不相上下，且关羽有不及之嫌。

2、比年龄

建安十三年冬十一月二十日孔明祭风（《三国演义》第四十九回），建安二十四年冬十二月，关公亡年五十八岁。（《三国演义》第七十七回）上述的时间段来看，关羽与黄忠交战时，应该在建安十四年或建安十五年。此时关羽的年纪大约四十八岁左右。

章武二年（公元222年），黄忠七十五岁。（《三国演义》第八十三回）那么，与关羽交战时，黄忠应该是六十一岁左右。

黄忠六十一岁左右，而关羽应该在四十八岁左右。

黄忠六旬，且与关羽相差十多岁，这十年可想而知，差距有多大。年近七旬古者稀。

黄忠与关羽相差的十多岁，绝不能同二十岁与三十岁相差十多岁，相提并论。

三、关羽 对 张飞

张飞不及关羽。

1、关公 对 许褚和徐晃

据现通行本《三国演义》第二十五回载：“……箭弩百张，箭如飞蝗。关公不得过，勒兵再回，徐晃、许褚接住交战。关公奋力杀退二人，引军欲回下邳……”

2、马超 对 许褚

据现通行本《三国演义》第五十九回介绍，此二人不分胜负。

3、张飞 对 马超

据现通行本《三国演义》第六十五回介绍，此二人也是不分胜负。

依上所述，张飞、马超、许褚，此三人皆是平手。而关羽独战许褚、徐晃，且大胜，可见张飞不及关羽。

急求关羽英文简介！！！！！！

The historical Guan Yu

Early life

Guan Yu was born in the county of Xie (解, a subdistrict of present day Yuncheng, Shanxi). The year of his birth is not found in historical records, but according to a 1680 stele in a temple worshipping Guan Yu in his hometown, as well as a biography of Guan Yu written in 1756, Guan Yu's birth year is estimated to be 160.

Guan Yu fled his hometown at the age of twenty-three after slaying a local bully named Lü Xiong (吕熊). Five years later, he arrived in Zhuo Commandery (涿郡, present day Zhuozhou, Hebei), where Liu Bei was recruiting a force to heed the government's call to resist the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Together with Zhang Fei, Guan Yu joined Liu Bei and fought against the rebel forces in northern China. For his efforts Liu Bei was appointed governor of Pingyuan County (平原). Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were also made commanders and given their own divisions of troops. According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, the three men slept on the same bed and treated one another like brothers. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei also followed Liu Bei wherever he went, and protected him from danger however perilous the situation

In 199 Liu Bei assassinated the governor of Xuzhou (徐州) appointed by the rising warlord Cao Cao and placed Guan Yu in control of the regional capital Xiapi, while he returned to Xiaopei (小沛). Cao Cao soon retaliated, personally leading a campaign east to reclaim Xuzhou. Liu Bei fled to seek refuge under Yuan Shao, a powerful warlord further north, but Xiapi was captured and Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu with respect and even made him a deputy general.

Short service under Cao Cao

In 200, Yuan Shao mustered an army boasting 100,000 in strength and marched on Xuchang, the new capital and base city of Cao Cao. To ensure a safe crossing of the Yellow River, Yuan Shao sent his trusted general Yan Liang to attack Baima (白马, northeast of present day Huaxian, Henan) as a diversionary tactic. In a counter-tactic, Cao Cao moved his main force westwards along the Yellow River, diverting Yuan Shao's army in the same direction, but sent Guan Yu and Zhang Liao east to relieve the attack on Baima. Upon reaching Baima, Guan Yu saw from afar the standard on Yan Liang's chariot and urged his mount towards the latter. He speared Yan Liang amid the enemy troops, and brought back his severed head. Thus Yuan Shao lost an important lieutenant and the siege of Baima was unravelled. Guan Yu was then enfeoffed as Marquis1 of Hanshou (汉夀亭侯).

After doing Cao Cao this favor, Guan Yu declined further gifts from the former. Leaving behind a letter, he left for his former lord, who was still in the camp of Yuan Shao. When some of his subordinates wanted to pursue Guan Yu, Cao Cao stopped them, saying, "To each his own."

Capture of Jingzhou

After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao at the decisive Battle of Guandu, Liu Bei went south to seek shelter under Jingzhou (荆州) governor Liu Biao, who soon died of sickness. Cao Cao took the opportunity to expand his control south and seized a great part of Jingzhou north of the Yangtze River, but Liu Bei escaped south and formed a coalition with Sun Quan, a powerful warlord controlling most of southeastern China. The coalition defeated Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs and Jingzhou was reclaimed. Guan Yu was promoted to General Who Purges Rebels (荡寇将军) and made governor of Xiangyang (but he was stationed in Jiangling), in charge of the defense of northern Jingzhou.

In 213, Liu Bei left for Yizhou (present day Sichuan) and took over the region two years later, staying there ever since. In 219, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong (汉中王) and promoted Guan Yu to General of the Front (前将军), ranked first among the top five generals under his service (popularly known as the Five Tiger Generals, among whom were Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong).

Downfall

In the same year Guan Yu attacked Fancheng (樊城, present day Xiangfan, Hubei), a city near Xiangyang which was defended by Cao Ren, a trusted general and cousin of Cao Cao. A long spell of rainfall as autumn came around flooded the Han River next to the city, which greatly aided Guan Yu. The flood drowned the majority of the relief troops Cao Cao sent, while their commanders, Yu Jin and Pang De, were both captured by Guan Yu. However, a further relief force under Xu Huang successfully repelled the invaders. When Guan Yu returned to Jiangling, he found that traitors Mi Fang (麋芳) and Shi Ren (士仁) had surrendered the city to Sun Quan, with whom Liu Bei's relations had soured.

With many of his troops deserted, Guan Yu attempted to retreat west to reunite with Liu Bei. However, he was encircled by Sun Quan's forces west of Maicheng (麦城, southeast of present day Dangyang, Hubei) and captured along with his son Guan Ping. Both were executed. Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao (in an attempt to lay blame on Cao Cao), who buried the body with the honors befitting a marquis. Guan Yu was given the posthumous title of Marquis Zhuangmou (壮缪侯).

In 223, Liu Bei attempted a campaign to recapture Jingzhou and avenge Guan Yu, which culminated in his decisive defeat at the Battle of Yiling. Guan Yu's son Guan Xing and grandson Guan Tong both served as military commanders in the Kingdom of Shu. According to the Record of Shu (蜀记) by Wang Yin (王隐), after the Kingdom of Wei conquered Shu in 263, Guan Yu's entire household was massacred by Pang Hui, son of Pang De who was executed by Guan Yu at the Battle of Fancheng.

Note

1 The title of marquis was divided into three grades during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period. These are, in ascending order of prestige, tinghou (亭侯), xianghou (乡侯) and xianhou (县侯). Guan Yu's was the first.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel based on the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Written by Luo Guanzhong more than a millenium after the Three Kingdoms period, the novel incorporates many popular folklore and opera scripts into the character of Guan Yu, making him one of the most altered and aggrandized in the book. Significant incidents that deviate from true history include:

Brotherhood sworn in the garden of peach blossoms

One of the most well-known story from the novel, found in the first chapter, it speaks of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei who, having met by chance in the county of Zhuo in 188, found that all three shared the same desire to serve the country in the tumultuous times. They swore to be brothers the next day in Zhang Fei's backyard, which was a garden full of peach blossoms. Liu Bei was ranked the eldest, Guan Yu the second, and Zhang Fei the youngest. Having done this, they recruited more than 300 local men and joined the resistance against Yellow Turban rebels.

In true history, the three did not swear brotherhood. The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms says the three often shared a bed, and treated one another as brothers. Guan Yu was also a year older than Liu Bei, not younger.

The peach blossom oath inspired the present day secret societies in Chinese communities, such as the Triad, to use a similar ritual when swearing in new members. "Though not born on the same day of the same month in the same year, we hope to die so" 钬?the phrase the three borthers made during the oath 钬?had also become popular among the present day secret society members.

Slaying Hua Xiong

In Chapter 5, warlords around the country formed a coalition against Dong Zhuo, the tyrannical warlord and minister who held the puppet Emperor Xian hostage in the capital Luoyang. Guan Yu and his sworn brothers were then serving in the camp of Gongsun Zan, a warlord from northern China who was also in the coalition.

Dong Zhuo placed Hua Xiong at the Sishui Pass to ward off the attack. Having singlehandedly slain four generals of the coalition – Bao Zhong (鲍忠), Zu Mao (祖茂), Yu She (俞涉) and Pan Feng (潘凤) – Hua Xiong seemed indomitable. Despite mistrust from many leaders of the coalition, Guan Yu, who was a mere horsed archer then, volunteered to duel Hua Xiong. Cao Cao, one of the eighteen coalition leaders, poured Guan Yu a cup of hot wine but the latter declined, claiming he would soon return. Within moments Guan Yu truly reappeared with Hua Xiong's head in hand, while the wine was still warm!

In true history Hua Xiong was executed after his force was defeated by Sun Jian at Yangren (阳人).

Surrender to Cao Cao

In Chapter 25, Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei's position in Xuzhou (徐州). The defeated Liu Bei escaped to seek refuge in the camp of Yuan Shao, a powerful warlord in the north. Guan Yu, along with two wives of Liu Bei, was besieged in the city of Xiapi. Taunting outside the city walls, Cao Cao's general Xiahou Dun managed to draw Guan Yu out. As he pursued his enemy far from the city gate, Guan Yu found his retreat cut off by the invading troops. He then made a stand on top of a nearby knoll, but the city was already taken

Zhang Liao, another general under Cao Cao who was an old friend of Guan Yu, then came unarmed up the knoll. He tried to persuade Guan Yu to surrender using reason. Guan Yu agreed, but with three conditions: that the surrender was to the Han emperor and not Cao Cao; that the two wives of Liu Bei were to be suitably provided for and protected; and that all three would leave to seek Liu Bei once they found out his whereabouts. These conditions were agreed to and Guan Yu finally surrendered without breaking the code of loyalty. Cao Cao was very pleased and showered Guan Yu with many gifts, including Red Hare, a top-grade steed previously owned by the warrior Lü Bu.

According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, both Guan Yu and family members of Liu Bei were captured after Xiapi was fallen, though it was not stated in any known historical records that Guan Yu made the three conditions of surrender. The gift of Red Hare was probably also fabricated later.

Slaying Yan Liang

Also in Chapter 25, Cao Cao confronted Yuan Shao on the shores of the Yellow River. To ensure a safe crossing south, Yuan Shao sent a diversionary force east under his trusted general Yan Liang to attack Baima (白马, northeast of present day Huaxian, Henan). Cao Cao drew a 50,000-strong army and came personally to defend Baima. As the two armies made their stands across the plain, Cao Cao sent out Song Xian and Wei Xu to duel with Yan Liang, but both were slew within bouts. As suggested by advisor Cheng Yu (程昱), Cao Cao then sent for Guan Yu.

The next day, as Yan Liang's army lined up on the battlefield, Guan Yu sat with Cao Cao on a hillock and looked down. From afar he saw Yan Liang sitting on a chariot under the army standard. Leaping onto the Red Hare, Guan Yu galloped straight into the enemy ranks, which broke before him like waves before a swift vessel. Before Yan Liang could react, he was struck down by his nemesis. Guan Yu severed Yan Liang's head, tied it to the neck of his steed and rode back unhindered.

In true history Cao Cao did not participate personally in the Battle of Baima but rather led his main force westwards along the Yellow River to draw Yuan Shao in the same direction. Guan Yu and Zhang Liao were then sent to defend Baima against Yan Liang's division.

Slaying Wen Chou

In Chapter 26, following the death of Yan Liang in Guan Yu's hands, Wen Chou, another trusted general of Yuan Shao, volunteered to avenge his close friend. Leading 100,000 troops, Wen Chou crossed the Yellow River and came for Cao Cao's camp. In an unusual move, Cao Cao turned his entire formation around, placing the supplies in front. While Wen Chou's soldiers made an easy task robbing the supplies, Cao Cao directed his men south onto a knoll, from where they allowed their horses to graze. Wen Chou's soldiers pounced upon the horses as they approached the knoll and became disorganized. Cao Cao then gave the order for a counterattack, forcing the enemies to retreat.

Zhang Liao and Xu Huang immediately gave chase. Wen Chou fired two arrows from atop his horse, one of which cut off the feather on Zhang Liao's helmet and the other hit Zhang Liao's horse in the face. With his poleaxe, Xu Huang came for Wen Chou but had to retreat when a band of enemy soldiers came to their commander's rescue. Leading a dozen riders, Guan Yu cut off Wen Chou's escape and engaged in a duel with the enemy. Within three bouts, Wen Chou withdrew and attempted to evade. However, Guan Yu's Red Hare was of a superior breed and soon caught up. Guan Yu then slew Wen Chou from behind.

It was not stated in historical records whether Wen Chou was killed by Guan Yu in battle, only that Wen Chou's force was defeated and himself was killed.

Crossing five passes and slaying six warriors

Another of the most popular stories surrounding Guan Yu, this tale speaks of the loyal man's hazardous journey to reunite with his lord and sworn brother Liu Bei, who was residing in Yuan Shao's camp. The five passes mentioned in fact only consist of two bona fide passes 钬?Dongling and Sishui 钬?while the rest were two cities and a guarded ferry point.

The story began late in Chapter 26 where, having found out the whereabouts of Liu Bei some time after the slaying of Wen Chou, Guan Yu prepared to leave Xuchang along with Liu Bei's two wives. Unable to keep the determined general, Cao Cao forbade his subjects from pursuing Guan Yu.

Riding beside the horse carriage carrying his sisters-in-law, Guan Yu set off for Luoyang. However, he was stopped at Dongling Pass (东岭关, south of present day Dengfeng, Henan) by the pass defender Kong Xiu (孔秀), who refused passage for the former without a document from Cao Cao. Guan Yu had no choice but to slay Kong Xiu in a duel and force through the pass.

Having crossed the first pass, Guan Yu arrived outside Luoyang. The city governor Han Fu (韩福) drew a thousand troops and blocked the city gate. Han Fu's aide Meng Tan (孟坦) came forward to duel Guan Yu. Within bouts, Meng Tan retreated in an attempt to draw Guan Yu into a trap, but Guan Yu's horse was fast and Meng Tan was slashed into halves before he could escape. However, Han Fu had already taken aim and fired an arrow at Guan Yu, who was struck in the left arm. Plucking the arrow out from the bleeding wound, Guan Yu then came for Han Fu and cleaved him clean below the shoulders.

Having dressed his wound, Guan Yu was anxious to move on. The company moved through the night to arrive at Sishui Pass (汜水关, north of present day Xingyang, Henan). The pass defender, Bian Xi, laid 200 men in ambush in a temple outside the pass, while he went out to meet Guan Yu. Having won the trust of the latter, Bian Xi then invited Guan Yu to a feast in the temple hall. One of the monks, who was also from the county of Xie, hinted the danger to his fellow townsfolk. The ambush then failed and Guan Yu slew the scheming Bian Xi and left for Xingyang (荥阳).

Wang Zhi (王植), the governor of Xingyang, attempted a similar scheme. Feigning kindness towards Guan Yu, Wang Zhi led the company to a relay station to settle for the night. He then ordered his deputy Hu Ban (胡班) to draw a thousand troops to surround the station and burn it. Curious about how the famed Guan Yu looked like, Hu Ban decided to go into the station to take a peek. Guan Yu heard him and asked who he was, whereupon he learnt that Hu Ban was the son of Hu Hua (胡华), an old villager who had given Guan Yu's company lodging early in the journey. Guan Yu then passed Hu Ban a letter from his father, which told of the loyal and upright man Guan Yu was, whereupon Hu Ban divulged Wang Zhi's plot, and opened the city gate for Guan Yu to escape. However, Wang Zhi soon caught up and came for Guan Yu with his spear poised. Guan Yu spun around and cleaved him in half.

Trudging along, the company finally arrived at the ferry point on the southern shore of the Yellow River. Qin Qi (秦琪), the defender of the crossing, met a similar fate as his colleagues who dared challenge Guan Yu. Within a bout, Guan Yu severed Qin Qi's head with a sweep of his sabre. Thus the company finally crossed the Yellow River and came to Yuan Shao's territory, though, unknown to them, Liu Bei had by then already moved to Runan (汝南).

Throughout Guan Yu's escape, he also encountered Zhang Liao and Xiahou Dun, who eventually did not resist him much as Cao Cao kept wavering between his orders to stop Guan Yu or to let him go. At the end of his departure, Guan was to meet Zhang Fei, who, against the advice of others, was infuriated with Guan for having defected and picked up his spear to fight him. Guan was unprepared for this but after several bouts, Guan managed to convince Zhang that he was still true to their brotherhood.

Releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail

In Chapter 50, after the fire started burning his ships at the Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao gathered all the men he could and escaped towards the city of Jiangling. Under instruction from advisor Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu led 500 foot soldiers and lay in wait along the Huarong Trail, a narrow shortcut in the woods leading to Jiangling. Prior to leaving, Guan Yu had duly sworn an oath not to allow Cao Cao passage over past favours from the warlord.

On the other hand, Cao Cao had come to a fork in the road during his perilous escape. Columns of smoke were seen rising from the narrower path. Cao Cao judged that the smoke was a trick of the enemy to divert him to the main road, where an ambush must have been laid. He then led his men towards the narrow path - the Huarong Trail.

The smoke was indeed a trick by Zhuge Liang. Grasping Cao Cao's psychology exactly, however, Zhuge Liang had meant to direct him to the Huarong Trail, where Guan Yu with his men were waiting. Upon being cut off, Cao Cao rode forward and appealed to Guan Yu to remember his kindness in former days. Seeing the plight of the defeated men and recalling the former favors he received from Cao Cao, Guan Yu eventually allowed the enemy to pass through without challenge, despite his previous oath. Upon returning, Guan Yu pleaded guilty and would have been executed at the order of Zhuge Liang if not for Liu Bei's intercession

One day, the famed physician Hua Tuo came by a boat from the east and went to see Guan Yu, who was playing a game of go with advisor Ma Liang. After examining the wound, Hua Tuo told Guan Yu he had to cut open the flesh and scrape off the residual poison on the surface of the bones. He also suggested that the patient place the injured arm through a ring fixed to a pillar to prevent movement in the absence of anaesthesia, and that blindfold be applied. However, Guan Yu requested that the primitive surgery be performed on the spot, while he continued the game. Those around him cringed at the sound of the knife scraping the bone, but Guan Yu ate and drank, talked and laughed as if he did not feel any pain, presumably not to affect the morale of his army.

Within moments, the treatment was completed. Hua Tuo applied some medications to the wound and sewed it up. Guan Yu laughed and praised the skills of the physician, for the arm felt no more pain. Hua Tuo then left without accepting any reward.

The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms did record a similar incident, though the physician was not named. Also, the injury was sustained on the left arm instead of the right at an unspecified time.

Enlightenment on Yuqian Hill

In Chapter 77, after Guan Yu was beheaded by Sun Quan, lord of the Kingdom of Wu, his spirit roamed the land, crying, "Give me back my head!" Thus he came to Yuquan Hill (玉泉山) outside Dangyang County (present day city of Dangyang, Hubei), where he met the same monk who saved his life at the temple outside Sishui Pass many years ago during his journey t

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